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LM323, A Positive Voltage Regulators
The LM323,A are monolithic integrated circuits which supply a fixed positive 5.0 V output with a load driving capability in excess of 3.0 A. These three-terminal regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation. The A-suffix is an improved device with superior electrical characteristics and a 2% output voltage tolerance. These regulators are offered with a 0 to +125C temperature range in a low cost plastic power package. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. These devices can be used with a series pass transistor to supply up to 15 A at 5.0 V. * Output Current in Excess of 3.0 A
3-AMPERE, 5 VOLT POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA
* * * * * *
Available with 2% Output Voltage Tolerance No External Components Required Internal Thermal Overload Protection Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation Thermal Regulation and Ripple Rejection Have Specified Limits
T SUFFIX PLASTIC PACKAGE CASE 221A
Pin 1. Input 2. Ground 3. Output
1 2 3
Heatsink surface is connected to Pin 2.
Simplified Application
Input Cin* 0.33F
LM323, A
Output CO**
A common ground is required between the input and the output voltages. The input voltage must remain typically 2.5 V above the output voltage even during the low point on the input ripple voltage.
ORDERING INFORMATION
Output Voltage Tolerance 4% 2% Operating Temperature Range TJ = 0 to +125C
* Cin is required if regulator is located an appreciable * distance from power supply filter. (See Applications * Information for details.) ** CO is not needed for stability; however, it does ** improve transient response.
Device LM323T LM323AT
Package Plastic Power
(c) Motorola, Inc. 1996
Rev 0
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
1
LM323, A
MAXIMUM RATINGS
Rating Input Voltage Power Dissipation Operating Junction Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 s) Symbol Vin PD TJ Tstg Tsolder Value 20 Internally Limited 0 to +125 -65 to +150 300 Unit Vdc W C C C
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TJ = Tlow to Thigh [Note 1], unless otherwise noted.)
LM323A Characteristics Output Voltage (Vin = 7.5 V, 0 Iout 3.0 A, TJ = 25C) Output Voltage (7.5 V Vin 15 V, 0 Iout 3.0 A, P Pmax) (Note 2) Line Regulation (7.5 V Vin 15 V, TJ = 25C) (Note 3) Load Regulation (Vin = 7.5 V, 0 Iout 3.0 A, TJ = 25C) (Note 3) Thermal Regulation (Pulse = 10 ms, P = 20 W, TA = 25C) Quiescent Current (7.5 V Vin 15 V, 0 Iout 3.0 A) Output Noise Voltage (10 Hz f 100 kHz, TJ = 25C) Ripple Rejection (8.0 V Vin 18 V, Iout = 2.0A, f = 120 Hz, TJ = 25C) Short Circuit Current Limit (Vin = 15 V, TJ = 25C) (Vin = 7.5 V, TJ = 25C) Long Term Stability Thermal Resistance, Junction-to-Case (Note 4) Symbol VO VO Min 4.9 4.8 Typ 5.0 5.0 Max 5.1 5.2 Min 4.8 4.75 LM323 Typ 5.0 5.0 Max 5.2 5.25 Unit V V
Regline Regload
- -
1.0 10
15 50
- -
1.0 10
25 100
mV mV
Regtherm IB VN RR
- - - 66
0.001 3.5 40 75
0.01 10 - -
- - - 62
0.002 3.5 40 75
0.03 20 - -
%VO/W mA Vrms dB
ISC - - S RJC - - 4.5 5.5 - 2.0 - - 35 - - - - - 4.5 5.5 - 2.0 - - 35 -
A
mV C/W
NOTES: 1. Tlow to Thigh = 0 to +125C 2. Although power dissipation is internally limited, specifications apply only for P Pmax = 25 W. 3. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Pulse testing is required with a pulse width 1.0 ms and a duty cycle 5%. 4. Without a heatsink, the thermal resistance (RJA is 65C/W). With a heatsink, the effective thermal resistance can approach the specified values of 2.0C/W, depending on the efficiency of the heatsink.
2
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
LM323, A
Representative Schematic Diagram
2 1.0k Q1 Q8 300 Q4 Q5 Q3 10k 3.0k Q19 5.6k Q10 520 Q12 2.6k 2.0k 3.9k Q6 Q7 Q11 6.0k Q14 2.8k Gnd Q13 6.0k Q17 40pF Q18 Q15 1.7k 7.2k 840 Q16 50 200 Output Q23 13 0.12 10pF 300 1.0k 210 Q2 Q20 Q22 6.7V 1.0k 16k Q24 Q21 100 200 Q26 Q25 Q27 Input
Q9
VOLTAGE REGULATOR PERFORMANCE
The performance of a voltage regulator is specified by its immunity to changes in load, input voltage, power dissipation, and temperature. Line and load regulation are tested with a pulse of short duration (< 100 s) and are strictly a function of electrical gain. However, pulse widths of longer duration (> 1.0 ms) are sufficient to affect temperature gradients across the die. These temperature gradients can cause a change in the output voltage, in addition to changes by line and load regulation. Longer pulse widths and thermal gradients make it desirable to specify thermal regulation. Thermal regulation is defined as the change in output voltage caused by a change in dissipated power for a specified time, and is expressed as a percentage output voltage change per watt. The change in dissipated power can be caused by a change in either input voltage or the load current. Thermal regulation is a function of IC layout and die attach techniques, and usually occurs within 10 ms of a change in power dissipation. After 10 ms, additional changes in the output voltage are due to the temperature coefficient of the device. Figure 1 shows the line and thermal regulation response of a typical LM323A to a 20 W input pulse. The variation of the output voltage due to line regulation is labeled A and the thermal regulation component is labeled A. Figure 2 shows the load and thermal regulation response of a typical LM323A to a 20 W load pulse. The output voltage variation due to load regulation is labeled A and the thermal regulation component is labeled A.
Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) (2.0 mV/DIV)
2
Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) (2.0 mV/DIV)
Figure 1. Line and Thermal Regulation
Figure 2. Load and Thermal Regulation
2
2 1 18 V
1 2 2.0 0
Vin , INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
8.0 V
Iout , OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
t, TIME (2.0 ms/DIV) Vout = 5.0 V Vin = 8.0 V 18 V 8.0 V Iout = 2.0 A 1 = Regline = 2.4 mV 2 = Regtherm = 0.0015% VO/W
t, TIME (2.0 ms/DIV) Vout = 5.0 V Vin = 15 V Iout = 0 A 2.0 A 0 A 1 = Regline = 5.4 mV 2 = Regtherm = 0.0015% VO/W
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
3
LM323, A
Figure 3. Temperature Stability
5.1 Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc) Z O , OUTPUT IMPEDANCE ( ) 10
Figure 4. Output Impedance
Vin = 10 V Iout = 100 mA 5.0
10-1 Vin = 7.5 V Iout = 1.0 A CO = 0 TJ = 25C
10-2
10-3
4.9 -90
-50
-10 30 70 110 TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (C)
150
190
10-4 1.0
10
100
1.0 k 10 k 100 k f, FREQUENCY (Hz)
1.0 M
10 M 100 M
Figure 5. Ripple Rejection versus Frequency
100 RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB) RR, RIPPLE REJECTION (dB) Iout = 50 mA 80 Iout = 3.0 A Vin = 10 V CO = 0 TJ = 25C 100
Figure 6. Ripple Rejection versus Output Current
80
60
60
40
Vin = 10 V CO = 0 f = 120 Hz TJ = 25C
40 20 1.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k f, FREQUENCY (Hz) 1.0 M 10 M 100 M 30 0.01 0.1 1.0 Iout, OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10
Figure 7. Quiescent Current versus Input Voltage
4.0 IB , QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) TJ = 55C IB , QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) TJ = 25C 3.0 TJ = 150C 2.0 TJ = 150C Iout = 2.0 A 1.0 TJ = 55C TJ = 25C 0 0 5.0 10 15 Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc) 20 0 0.01 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
Figure 8. Quiescent Current versus Output Current
TJ = -55C TJ = 25C TJ = 150C
Vin = 10 V
0.1 1.0 Iout, OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
4
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
LM323, A
Figure 9. Dropout Voltage
2.5 Iout = 3.0 A 2.0 ISC , SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT AT ZERO VOLTS (A) V in -Vout , INPUT TO OUTPUT VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (Vdc) 8.0
Figure 10. Short Circuit Current
6.0
1.5
Iout = 1.0 A Iout = 0.5 A Vout = 50 mV
4.0
TJ = 0C TJ = 25C TJ = 125C
1.0
2.0
0.5 -90
-50
-10 30 70 110 TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (C)
150
190
0 5.0
10
15 Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (Vdc)
20
25
Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V)
Figure 11. Line Transient Response
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1.0 0.5 0 0 10 20 t, TIME (s) 30 40 Iout = 150 mA CO = 0 TJ = 25C Vout , OUTPUT VOLTAGE DEVIATION (V) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0
Figure 12. Load Transient Response
Vin = 10 V CO = 0 TJ = 25C
Vin , INPUT VOLTAGE CHANGE (V)
Iout , OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
10
20 t, TIME (s)
30
40
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Design Considerations The LM323,A series of fixed voltage regulators are designed with Thermal Overload Protection that shuts down the circuit when subjected to an excessive power overload condition, Internal Short Circuit Protection that limits the maximum current the circuit will pass, and Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation that reduces the output short circuit current as the voltage across the pass transistor is increased. In many low current applications, compensation capacitors are not required. However, it is recommended that the regulator input be bypassed with a capacitor if the regulator is connected to the power supply filter with long wire lengths, or if the output load capacitance is large. An input bypass capacitor should be selected to provide good high-frequency characteristics to insure stable operation under all load conditions. A 0.33 F or larger tantalum, mylar, or other capacitor having low internal impedance at high frequencies should be chosen. The bypass capacitor should be mounted with the shortest possible leads directly across the regulator's input terminals. Normally good construction techniques should be used to minimize ground loops and lead resistance drops since the regulator has no external sense lead.
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
5
LM323, A
Figure 13. Current Regulator Figure 14. Adjustable Output Regulator
Input 0.33F
LM323, A LM323, A R Input Constant Current to Grounded Load 0.33F 6
Output
IO
7 - MC1741 + 1.0k 4
2 0.1F 3 10k
The LM323,A regulator can also be used as a current source when connected as above. Resistor R determines the current as follows: IO = 5.0 V + IB R IB IB
^ 0.7 mA over line, load and temperature changes ^ 3.5 mA
VO, 8.0 V to 20 V
Vin - VO 2.5 V
For example, a 2.0 A current source would require R to be a 2.5 , 15 W resistor and the output voltage compliance would be the input voltage less 7.5 V.
The addition of an operational amplifier allows adjustment to higher or intermediate values while retaining regulation characteristics. The minimum voltage obtainable with this arrangement is 3.0 V greater than the regulator voltage.
Figure 15. Current Boost Regulator
Figure 16. Current Boost with Short Circuit Protection
2N4398 or Equiv
Input
Rsc
2N4398 or Equiv.
R
LM323, A
Output R
MJ2955 or Equiv. LM323, A Output 1.0F
1.0F
0.1F
The LM323, A series can be current boosted with a PNP transistor. The 2N4398 provides current to 15 A. Resistor R in conjuction with the VBE of the PNP determines when the pass transistor begins conducting; this circuit is not short circuit proof. Input-output differential voltage minimum is increased by the VBE of the pass transistor.
The circuit of Figure 16 can be modified to provide supply protection against short circuits by adding a short circuit sense resistor, RSC, and an additional PNP transistor. The current sensing PNP must be able to handle the short circuit current of the three-terminal regulator. Therefore, an 8.0 A power transistor is specified.
6
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
LM323, A
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
T SUFFIX PLASTIC PACKAGE CASE 221A-06 ISSUE Y -T- B
4 SEATING PLANE
F T S
C
NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982. 2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH. 3. DIMENSION Z DEFINES A ZONE WHERE ALL BODY AND LEAD IRREGULARITIES ARE ALLOWED. DIM A B C D F G H J K L N Q R S T U V Z INCHES MIN MAX 0.570 0.620 0.380 0.405 0.160 0.190 0.025 0.035 0.142 0.147 0.095 0.105 0.110 0.155 0.018 0.025 0.500 0.562 0.045 0.060 0.190 0.210 0.100 0.120 0.080 0.110 0.045 0.055 0.235 0.255 0.000 0.050 0.045 --- --- 0.080 MILLIMETERS MIN MAX 14.48 15.75 9.66 10.28 4.07 4.82 0.64 0.88 3.61 3.73 2.42 2.66 2.80 3.93 0.46 0.64 12.70 14.27 1.15 1.52 4.83 5.33 2.54 3.04 2.04 2.79 1.15 1.39 5.97 6.47 0.00 1.27 1.15 --- --- 2.04
Q
123
A U K
H Z L V G D N R J
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
7
LM323, A
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MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA LM323/D
*LM323/D*

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